ﺔﻗد نأ ﻆﺣﻻ
ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟا ﺎﺼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا ﻢﺛ ،
عﻮﻨﻟا
ﻞﻘﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا
١
ﺪﻳﺮﺗ يﺬﻟا سﺎﻴﻘﳌا ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا .ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺢﺘﻔﻟ
.
ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ
ﺮﺘﺧا ﻢﺛ ،ﻪﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا
ﺎﺼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا ﻢﺛ ،ﻰﻟوﻷا
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا
ﻞﻘﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا
٢
ﻂﻐﺿاو ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺮﺘﺧا .ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟا
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا ﺮﺘﺧا ﻢﺛ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟا
ةﺪﺣﻮﻟا
ﻞﻘﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا .
ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ
ﻰﻠﻋ
.ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا
ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟا ﻞﺧدأ ﻢﺛ ،لوﻷا
ﻎﻠﺒﳌا
ﻞﻘﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﻞﻘﺘﻧا
٣
.ﺔﻟﻮﶈا ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟا ضﺮﻌﻴﻟ ﺎًﻴﻟآ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا
ﻎﻠﺒﳌا
ﻞﻘﺣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻳ .ﺎﻬﻠﻳﻮﲢ
زﻮﻣﺮﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹ و يﺮﺸﻋ ﺮﺴﻛ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﺿا
.(سﻸﻟ)
E
و (ةراﺮﳊا ﺔﺟرﺪﻟ)
-
،
+
ﻞﻘﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟا ﻞﺧدأ ،ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟ
!ﺢﻴﻤﻠﺗ